Programmed I/O is where the microprocessor alerts the designated peripheral by applying its address to the system's address bus.Polling is where the CPU examines the status of the peripheral under program control.The NIC may use one or more of four techniques to transfer data: A separate network card is not required unless additional interfaces are needed or some other type of network is used. The Ethernet capabilities are either integrated into the motherboard chipset or implemented via a low-cost dedicated Ethernet chip, connected through the PCI (or the newer PCI express) bus. Newer server motherboards may even have dual network interfaces built-in. Whereas network controllers used to operate on expansion cards that plugged into a computer bus, the low cost and ubiquity of the Ethernet standard means that most newer computers have a network interface built into the motherboard.
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This provides a base for a full network protocol stack, allowing communication among small groups of computers on the same LAN and large-scale network communications through routable protocols, such as IP.
The network controller implements the electronic circuitry required to communicate using a specific physical layer and data link layer standard such as Ethernet, Wi-Fi, or Token Ring. A network interface controller (also known as a network interface card, network adapter, LAN adapter and by similar terms) is a computer hardware component that connects a computer to a computer network.Įarly network interface controllers were commonly implemented on expansion cards that plugged into a computer bus the low cost and ubiquity of the Ethernet standard means that most newer computers have a network interface built into the motherboard.
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